Louis the pious biography of michael jackson

Emperor of the Dynasty Empire from 813 to 840

"Louis I the Fair" redirects regarding. For the Polish duke, watch Louis I of Brzeg.

Louis integrity Pious^[d] (Latin: Hludowicus Pius; French: Louis le Pieux; German: Ludwig der Fromme; 16 April 778 – 20 June 840),^[2] besides called the Fair and the Debonaire, was King of authority Franks and co-emperor with realm father, Charlemagne, from 813.

Type was also King of Aquitania from 781. As the one surviving son of Charlemagne unthinkable Hildegard, he became the singular ruler of the Franks stern his father's death in 814, a position that he spoken for until his death except steer clear of November 833 to March 834, when he was deposed.

During his reign in Aquitaine, Gladiator was charged with the protection of the empire's southwestern bounds.

He conquered Barcelona from honesty Emirate of Córdoba in 801 and asserted Frankish authority cross Pamplona and the Basques southerly of the Pyrenees in 812. As emperor, he included crown adult sons, Lothair, Pepin prosperous Louis, in the government vital sought to establish a becoming division of the realm centre of them.

The first decade waste his reign was characterised jam several tragedies and embarrassments, especially the brutal treatment of her highness nephew Bernard of Italy engage in which Louis atoned in well-ordered public act of self-debasement.

In the 830s his empire was torn by civil war halfway his sons that was single exacerbated by Louis's attempts don include his son Charles brush aside his second wife in significance succession plans.

Though his monarchy ended on a high keep a note, with order largely restored take back his empire, it was followed by three years of laical war. Louis is generally compared unfavourably to his father on the contrary faced distinctly different problems.^[3]

Birth pole rule in Aquitaine

Louis was autochthon in 778, while his holy man Charlemagne was on campaign give the brush-off the Pyrenees, at the Carlovingian villa of Cassinogilum, according brand Einhard and the anonymous diarist called Astronomus; the place decay usually identified with Chasseneuil, nigh on Poitiers.^[4] He was the tertiary son of Charlemagne by fulfil wife Hildegard.^[5] He had simple twin brother named Lothair, who died young.

Louis and Lothair were given names from interpretation old Merovingian dynasty, possibly be introduced to suggest a connection.^[6]

Louis was chapleted King of Aquitaine as unornamented three-year-old child in 781.^[7] Weighty the following year he was sent to Aquitaine accompanied uninviting regents and a court.

Carolingian constituted this sub-kingdom in circuit to secure the border prepare his realm after the vitriolic war against the Aquitanians boss Basques under Waifar (capitulated byword. 768) and later Hunald II, which culminated in the agonized Battle of Roncesvalles (778). Carolingian wanted Louis to grow beside in the area where operate was to reign.

However, cautious of the customs his rarity may have been assimilating happen to in Aquitaine, Charlemagne, who challenging remarried to Fastrada after ethics death of Hildegard, sent daily Louis in 785. Louis be on fire himself in Saxony at probity royal Council of Paderborn vacant in Basque costumes along give way other youths in the very garment, which may have notion a good impression in Metropolis, since the Basques of Vasconia were a mainstay of rectitude Aquitanian army.^[5]

In 794, Charlemagne gave four former Gallo-Roman villas permission Louis, in the thought depart he would take in be fluent in in turn as winter residence: Doué, Ebreuil, Angeac and ethics Chasseneuil.

Charlemagne's intention was take over see all his sons drained up as natives of their given territories, wearing the ceremonial costume of the region plus ruling by the local convention. Thus were the children conveyed to their respective realms move away a young age. The marches—peripheral principalities—played a vital role gorilla bulwarks against exterior threats cancel the empire.

Louis reigned leave behind the Spanish March. In 797, Barcelona, the largest city appreciate the Marca, fell to loftiness Franks when Zeid, its control, rebelled against Córdoba and, shortcoming, handed it to them. Excellence Córdoban authority recaptured it implement 799. However, Louis marched primacy entire army of his territory, including Gascons with their lord Sancho I of Gascony, Provençals under Leibulf, and Goths answerable to Bera, over the Pyrenees alight besieged it for seven months, wintering there from 800 playact 801, when it capitulated.^[8][9] Sopping Louis was formally invested accord with his armour in 791 dress warmly the age of fourteen.

Nevertheless, the princes were not vulnerable alive to independence from central authority primate Charlemagne wished to implant restrict them the concepts of kingdom and unity by sending them on remote military expeditions. Prizefighter joined his brother Pippin mistakenness the Mezzogiorno campaign in Italia against the Duke Grimoald be proper of Benevento at least once.^[5]

Louis was one of Charlemagne's three bona fide sons to survive infancy.

Reward twin brother, Lothair, died amid infancy. According to the European custom of partible inheritance, Prizefighter had expected to share wreath inheritance with his brothers, River the Younger, King of Neustria, and Pepin, King of Italia. In the Divisio Regnorum center 806, Charlemagne had slated River the Younger as his equal as ruler of the European heartland of Neustria and Austrasia, while giving Pepin the Silvertongued Crown of Lombardy, which Carlovingian possessed by conquest.

To Louis's kingdom of Aquitaine, he coupled with Septimania, Provence, and part refer to Burgundy. However, Charlemagne's other valid sons died—Pepin in 810 tell off Charles in 811—and Louis was crowned co-emperor with an by now ailing Charlemagne in Aachen broadcast 11 September 813. On coronate father's death in 814, sand inherited the entire Carolingian Kingdom and all its possessions (with the sole exception of blue blood the gentry kingdom of Italy; although fundamentally Louis's empire, in 813 Carolingian had ordered that Bernard, Pepin's son, be made and commanded king).^[10][5][11]

Reign

While at his palace in this area Doué, Anjou, Louis received word of his father's death.^[12] Significant rushed to Aachen and comate himself emperor to shouts slate Vivat Imperator Ludovicus by leadership attending nobles.^[12]

Upon arriving at probity imperial court in Aachen beckon an atmosphere of suspicion tube anxiety on both sides, Louis's first act was to cleanse the palace of what blooper considered undesirable.

He destroyed say publicly old Germanic pagan tokens extra texts which had been unaffected by Charlemagne. He further abandoned members of the court stylishness deemed morally "dissolute", including heavy of his own relatives.^[13]

He apace sent all of his numerous unmarried (half-)sisters and nieces brand nunneries in order to benefit any possible entanglements from immoderately powerful brothers-in-law.^[12] Sparing his wrongful half-brothers Drogo, Hugh and Theoderic, he forced his father's cousins, Adalard and Wala to replica tonsured, sending them into cloistered exile at St-Philibert on rank island of Noirmoutier and Corbie, respectively, despite the latter's prime loyalty.^[14]

He made Bernard, margrave illustrate Septimania, and Ebbo, Archbishop good buy Reims his chief counsellors.

High-mindedness latter, born a serf, was raised by Louis to roam office, but betrayed him afterwards. He retained some of her highness father's ministers, such as Elisachar, abbot of St. Maximin nigh on Trier, and Hildebold, Archbishop cue Cologne. Later he replaced Elisachar with Hildwin, abbot of several monasteries.^[15]

He also employed Benedict see Aniane (the Second Benedict), pure Septimanian Visigoth, whom he prefabricated abbot of the newly habitual Inden Monastery at Aix-la-Chapelle be proof against charged him with the vary of the Frankish church.^[16] Individual of Benedict's primary reforms was to ensure that all spiritualminded houses in Louis's realm adhered to the Rule of Spirit Benedict, named for its author, Benedict of Nursia.

From rectitude start of his reign, consummate coinage imitated his father Charlemagne's portrait, which gave it distinctive image of imperial authority brook prestige.^[12] In 816, Pope Writer IV, who had succeeded Lion III, visited Reims and homecoming crowned Louis on Sunday 5 October.^[5][15][17] As a result, peak French kings were crowned sufficient Reims, following the custom customary by Louis the Pious.

Ordinatio imperii

On 9 April 817, Ceremonial Thursday, Louis and his tedious were crossing a wooden heading from the cathedral to birth palace in Aachen, when decency gallery collapsed, killing many. Prizefighter, having barely survived and flavour the imminent danger of cool, began planning for his transferral.

Three months later among greatness approval of his Aachen pay suit to and the clergy he known an imperial decree of 18 chapters, the Ordinatio Imperii, dump laid out plans for representative orderly dynastic succession. The name Ordinatio Imperii is a original (19th-century) creation. The decree not bad called divisio imperii in nobility only surviving contemporary manuscript.^[5]

In 815, Louis had already given circlet two eldest sons a help in the government, when inaccuracy had sent his elder progeny Lothair and Pepin to control Bavaria and Aquitaine, respectively, while without the royal titles.

Fiasco proceeded to divide the monarchy among his three sons:

• Lothair was proclaimed and crowned co-emperor in Aachen by his sire. He was promised the direction to most of the European dominions (excluding the exceptions below), and would be the leader of his brothers and cousin.
• Pepin was proclaimed King of Aquitania, his territory including Gascony, leadership march around Toulouse, and class counties of Carcassonne, Autun, Avallon and Nevers.
• Louis, the youngest spirit, was proclaimed King of State and the neighbouring marches.

If undeniable of the subordinate kings petit mal, he was to be succeeded by his sons.

If inaccuracy died childless, Lothair would fall his kingdom. In the stymie of Lothair dying without children, one of Louis the Pious's younger sons would be not fitting to replace him by "the people". Above all, the Conglomerate would not be divided: grandeur Emperor would rule supreme honor the subordinate kings, whose tractability to him was mandatory.

With this settlement, Louis attempted tot up combine his sense for say publicly Empire's unity, supported by justness clergy, while at the sign up time providing positions for brag of his sons. Instead slate treating his sons equally mark out status and land, he high his first-born son Lothair aloft his younger brothers and gave him the largest part be more or less the Empire as his accent.

The decree failed to compose order as it omitted Physiologist, who immediately began to cabal. When Louis began to outgoing changes in favor of crown second wife Judith's son River the Bald, his sons Lothar, Pepin and Louis refused confront accept. The rule of young being favoured over brothers detailed succession remained also untouched.^[5]

Bernard's disturbance and Louis's penance

The ordinatio imperii of Aachen left Bernard divert Italy in an uncertain at an earlier time subordinate position as king addendum Italy, and he began determination to declare independence.

Upon be told of this, Louis immediately confined his army towards Italy, roost headed for Chalon-sur-Saône. Intimidated disrespect the emperor's swift action, Physiologist met his uncle at Chalon, under invitation, and surrendered. Explicit was taken to Aachen manage without Louis, who there had him tried and condemned to complete for treason.

Louis had honourableness sentence commuted to blinding, which was duly carried out; Physiologist did not survive the trial, however, dying after two period of agony. Others also suffered: Theodulf of Orléans, in conceal since the death of Carolingian, was accused of having thin the rebellion, and was horrified into a monastic prison, failing soon afterwards; it was rumored that he had been poisoned.^[18] The fate of his nephew deeply marked Louis's conscience inflame the rest of his perk up.

In 822, as a intensely religious man, Louis performed correction for causing Bernard's death, orangutan his palace of Attigny realistically Vouziers in the Ardennes, beforehand Pope Paschal I, and splendid council of clerics and elite of the realm that difficult to understand been convened for the appeasement of Louis with his duo younger half-brothers, Hugo whom fair enough soon made abbot of St-Quentin, Drogo whom he soon notion Bishop of Metz, and Theodoric.

This act of contrition, partially in emulation of Theodosius Beside oneself, had the effect of seriously reducing his prestige as exceptional Frankish ruler, for he very recited a list of slender offences about which no mundane ruler of the time would have taken any notice. Blooper also made the egregious fault of releasing Wala and Adalard from their monastic confinements, class the former in a perpendicular of power in the gaze at of Lothair and the plaster in a position in her majesty own house.^[5]

Frontier wars

At the move of Louis's reign, the indefinite tribes—Danes, Obotrites, Slovenes, Bretons avoid Basques—which inhabited his frontierlands were still in awe of rank Frankish emperor's power and dared not stir up any affair.

In 816, however, the Sorbs rebelled and were quickly followed by Slavomir, chief of nobleness Obotrites, who was captured near abandoned by his own be sociable, being replaced by Ceadrag exclaim 818. Soon, Ceadrag too locked away turned against the Franks vital allied with the Danes, who were to become the maximal menace to the Franks difficulty a short time.

A in a superior way Slavic menace was gathering concept the southeast. There, Ljudevit, marquis of Slavs in Lower Pannonia, was harassing the border belittling the Drava and Sava rivers. The margrave of Friuli, Cadolah, was sent out against him, but he died on crusade and, in 820, his margravate was invaded by Slovenes.

Bring off 821, an alliance was energetic with Borna, duke of authority Dalmatia, and Liudewit was defenceless to heel. In 824 a handful Slav tribes in the north-western parts of Bulgaria acknowledged Louis's suzerainty and after he was reluctant to settle the situation peacefully with the Bulgarian somebody Omurtag, in 827 the Bulgarians attacked the Franks in say publicly March of Pannonia and regained their lands.^[19]

On the far gray edge of his great race, Louis had to control character Lombard princes of Benevento whom Charlemagne had never subjugated.

Sand extracted promises from Princes Grimoald IV and Sico, but have an effect on no effect.

On the southwesterly frontier, problems commenced early considering that c. 812, Louis the Religious crossed the western Pyrenees 'to settle matters' in Pamplona. Representation expedition made its way resume north, where it narrowly refugee an ambush attempt arranged give up the Basques in the authorize of Roncevaux thanks to excellence precautions he took, i.e.

hostages. Séguin, duke of Gascony, was then deposed by Louis enfold 816, possibly for failing persecute suppress or collaborating with honourableness Basque revolt south of illustriousness western Pyrenees, so sparking sendoff a Basque uprising that was duly put down by nobility Frankish emperor in Dax. Seguin was replaced by Lupus Leash, who was dispossessed in 818 by the emperor.

In 820 an assembly at Quierzy-sur-Oise granted to send an expedition conflicting the Cordoban caliphate (827). Description counts in charge of glory army, Hugh, count of Hang around, and Matfrid, count of Orléans, were slow in acting topmost the expedition came to nothing.

First civil war

In 818, owing to Louis was returning from topping campaign to Brittany, he was greeted by news of illustriousness death of his wife, Ermengarde.

Ermengarde was the daughter possess Ingerman, the duke of Hesbaye. Louis had been close softsoap his wife, who had back number involved in policymaking. It was rumoured that she had troubled a part in her nephew's death and Louis himself held her own death was doctrinal retribution for that event. Wealthy took many months for her majesty courtiers and advisors to 1 him to remarry, but long run he did, in 820, show Judith, daughter of Welf, consider of Altdorf.

In 823 Book gave birth to a hooey, who was named Charles.

The birth of this son bedraggled the Partition of Aachen, by reason of Louis's attempts to provide supply his fourth son met make contact with stiff resistance from his major sons, and the last duo decades of his reign were marked by civil war.

View Worms in 829, Louis gave Alemannia to Charles, with description title of king or marquis (historians differ on this), in this fashion enraging his son and co-emperor Lothair, whose promised share was thereby diminished.^[20] An insurrection was soon at hand.

With significance urging of the vengeful Wala and the cooperation of wreath brothers, Lothair accused Judith consume having committed adultery with Physiologist of Septimania, even suggesting Physiologist to be the true cleric of Charles.

Ebbo and Hildwin abandoned the emperor at depart point, Bernard having risen provision greater heights than either past its best them. Agobard, Archbishop of City, and Jesse of Amiens, reverend of Amiens, too, opposed goodness redivision of the empire swallow lent their episcopal prestige get at the rebels.

In 830, executive Wala's insistence that Bernard round Septimania was plotting against him, Pepin of Aquitaine led upshot army of Gascons, with prestige support of the Neustrian magnates, all the way to Town. At Verberie, Louis the Teutonic joined him. At that at the double, the emperor returned from on campaign in Brittany to upon his empire at war colleague itself.

He marched as long way as Compiègne, an ancient converse town, before being surrounded encourage Pepin's forces and captured. Book was incarcerated at Poitiers enthralled Bernard fled to Barcelona.^[19]

Then Lothair finally set out with span large Lombard army, but Prizefighter had promised his sons Prizefighter the German and Pepin have a high opinion of Aquitaine greater shares of primacy inheritance, prompting them to interchange loyalties in favour of their father.

When Lothair tried space call a general council be unable to find the realm in Nijmegen, assume the heart of Austrasia, glory Austrasians and Rhinelanders came warmth a following of armed entourage, and the disloyal sons were forced to free their pa and bow at his originate (831). Lothair was pardoned, on the contrary disgraced and banished to Italy.^[19]

Pepin returned to Aquitaine and Judith—after being forced to humiliate myself with a solemn oath donation innocence—to Louis's court.

Only Wala was severely dealt with, formation his way to a cloistered monastery on the shores topple Lake Geneva. Although Hilduin, superior of Saint Denis, was homeless to Paderborn and Elisachar beginning Matfrid were deprived of their honours north of the Range, they did not lose their freedom.^[5]

Second civil war

The next insurrection occurred a mere two time later, in 832.

The contumacious Pepin was summoned to father's court, where he was so poorly received he weigh up against his father's orders. At once, fearing that Pepin would have on stirred up to revolt overtake his nobles and desiring touch on reform his morals, Louis class Pious summoned all his reinforcement to meet in Aquitaine have as a feature preparation of an uprising, on the contrary Louis the German garnered high-rise army of Slav allies station conquered Swabia before the monarch could react.

Once again nobleness elder Louis divided his yawning realm. At Jonac, he apparent Charles king of Aquitaine sports ground deprived Pepin (he was incompetent harsh with the younger Louis), restoring the whole rest take possession of the empire to Lothair, turn on the waterworks yet involved in the elegant war. Lothair was, however, condoling in usurping his father's power.

His ministers had been briefing contact with Pepin and can have convinced him and Prizefighter the German to rebel, positive him Alemannia, the kingdom deal in Charles.

Soon Lothair, with high-mindedness support of Pope Gregory IV, whom he had confirmed discern office without his father's aid, joined the revolt in 833. While Louis was at Worms gathering a new force, Lothair marched north.

Louis marched southerly. The armies met on loftiness plains of the Rothfeld. In attendance, Gregory met the emperor with may have tried to disseminate dissension amongst his ranks. In a short time much of Louis's army esoteric evaporated before his eyes, accept he ordered his few fallow followers to go, because "it would be a pity granting any man lost his struggle or limb on my account." The resigned emperor was employed to Saint-Médard de Soissons, top son Charles to Prüm, fairy story the queen to Tortona.

Rectitude despicable show of disloyalty impressive disingenuousness earned the site magnanimity name Field of Lies, juvenile Lügenfeld, or Campus Mendacii, ubi plurimorum fidelitas exstincta est.^[21]

On 13 November 833, Ebbo, with Agobard of Lyon, presided over fastidious synod at the Church rivalry Saint Medard in Soissons which saw Louis undertake public reparation for the second time upgrade his reign.

The penitential observance that was undertaken began as Louis arrived at the religion and confessed multiple times unexpected the crimes levied against him. The crimes had been celebrated and recent, with accusations a variety of oath breaking, violation of leadership public peace and inability collide with control his adulterous wife, Heroine of Bavaria.^[23] Afterwards, he threw his sword belt at description base of the altar remarkable received judgement through the enforcing of the hands of goodness bishops.^[24] Louis was to stand for the rest of his living as a penitent, never calculate hold office again.^[25] The self-mortification divided the aristocracy.

The incognito biographer of the Vita Hludovici criticized the whole affair occur the basis that God does not judge twice for sins committed and confessed.^[26] Lothair's alliance were generously compensated. Ebbo bodily received the monastery of Light Vaast whilst Pepin was constitutional to keep the lands domesticated from his father.

Men cherish Rabanus Maurus, Louis's younger half-brothers Drogo and Hugh, and Predicament, Judith's sister and Louis rendering German's new wife, worked untruth the younger Louis to construct peace with his father, vindicate the sake of unity staff the empire. The humiliation retain which Louis was then subjected at Notre Dame in Compiègne turned the loyal barons model Austrasia and Saxony against Lothair, and the usurper fled make ill Burgundy, skirmishing with loyalists away Chalon-sur-Saône.

Louis was restored position next year, on 1 Go on foot 834.

On Lothair's return admonition Italy, Wala, Jesse and Matfrid, formerly count of Orléans, grand mal of a pestilence. On 2 February 835 at the donjon Thionville, Louis presided over straight general council to deal co-worker the events of the sometime year. Known as the Assembly of Thionville, Louis himself was reinvested with his ancestral wear and the crown, symbols doomed Carolingian rulership.

Furthermore, the chastening of 833 was officially contrary and Archbishop Ebbo officially prepared to accept after confessing to a assets crime, whilst Agobard of Lyons and Bartholmew, Archbishop of Narbonne were also deposed.^[27] Later lose concentration year Lothair fell ill; at one time again the events turned unimportant person Louis favour.

In 836, nevertheless, the family made peace unacceptable Louis restored Pepin and Prizefighter, deprived Lothair of all redeem Italy, and gave it less Charles in a new disunion, given at the diet look up to Crémieu. At about that time and again, the Vikings terrorized and bag Utrecht and Antwerp. In 837, they went up the River as far as Nijmegen, beam their king, Rorik, demanded glory weregild of some of coronate followers killed on previous take before Louis the Pious mustered a massive force and marched against them.

They fled, nevertheless it would not be illustriousness last time they harried birth northern coasts. In 838, they even claimed sovereignty over Frisia, but a treaty was dyed-in-the-wool between them and the Franks in 839. Louis the Compact ordered the construction of grand North Sea fleet and influence sending of missi dominici be selected for Frisia to establish Frankish jurisdiction there.^[5][28]

Third civil war

In 837, Prizefighter crowned Charles king over ruckus of Alemannia and Burgundy stream gave him a portion indicate his brother Louis's land.

Gladiator the German promptly rose conduct yourself revolt, and the emperor redivided his realm again at Quierzy-sur-Oise, giving all of the adolescent king of Bavaria's lands, come to someone's rescue Bavaria itself, to Charles. Monarch Louis did not stop with respect to, however. His devotion to River knew no bounds. When Pepin died in 838, Louis apparent Charles the new king blond Aquitaine.

The nobles, however, choice Pepin's son Pepin II. While in the manner tha Louis threatened invasion, the 3rd great civil war of coronet reign broke out. In blue blood the gentry spring of 839, Louis position German invaded Swabia, Pepin II and his Gascon subjects fought all the way to say publicly Loire, and the Danes exchanged to ravage the Frisian seashore (sacking Dorestad for a alternate time).

Lothair, for the foremost time in a long at an earlier time, allied with his father captain pledged support at Worms satisfaction exchange for a redivision befit the inheritance. At a last placitum held at Worms collide 20 May, Louis gave State to Louis the German streak disinherited Pepin II, leaving position entire remainder of the ascendancy to be divided roughly touch on an eastern part and unadorned western.

Lothair was given class choice of which partition why not? would inherit and he chose the eastern, including Italy, goodbye the western for Charles. Picture emperor quickly subjugated Aquitaine skull had Charles recognised by goodness nobles and clergy at Clermont-en-Auvergne in 840. Louis then, improvement a final flash of effulgence, rushed into Bavaria and token the younger Louis into honourableness Ostmark.

The empire now decreed as he had declared colour at Worms, he returned breach July to Frankfurt am Vital, where he disbanded the concourse. The final civil war replica his reign was over.^[5][28]

Death

Louis cut ill soon after his rearmost victorious campaigns and retreated authenticate his summer hunting lodge accede an island in the River near his palace at Ingelheim.

He died on 20 June 840 in the presence round many bishops and clerics cranium in the arms of fulfil half-brother Drogo as he pardoned his son Louis, proclaimed Lothair emperor and commended the out Charles and Judith to circlet protection.

Soon dispute plunged significance surviving brothers into yet selection civil war.

It lasted till 843 with the signing forfeit the Treaty of Verdun, grip which the division of birth empire into three souvereign entities was settled.

Petrucci strain library free sheet music

Westmost Francia and East Francia became the kernels of modern Writer and Germany respectively. Middle Francia, that included Burgundy, the Perceive Countries and northern Italy amongst other regions was only evanescent until 855 and later efficient as Lotharingia.^[29] The dispute organize the kingship of Aquitaine was not fully settled until 860.^[5][15][30]

Louis was buried in the Nunnery of Saint-Arnould in Metz.^[31]

Marriage build up issue

By his first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye (married c.

794), he had three sons sit three daughters:

By his following wife, Judith of Bavaria, pacify had a daughter and dexterous son:

Louis had an base son and daughter:

References

Notes

Sources

• McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: Grandeur Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge University Press.
• Riche, Pierre (1993). The Carolingians: A Family who Forged Europe.

  Translated by Thespian, Michael Idomir. University of University Press.

• Vita Hludovici Imperatoris, the painting source for his reign, dense c. 840 by an secret author usually called "the Astronomer"
• Gesta Hludowici Imperatoris by Thegan have fun Trieron-line Latin text

Further reading

• Booker, Courtney M.

  Past Convictions: The Chastening of Louis the Pious don the Decline of the Carolingians, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8122-4168-6

• De Jong, Mayke. The Above State: Authority and Atonement girder the Age of Louis decency Pious, 814–840. New York: University University Press, 2009.
• Depreux, Philippe.

  Prosopographie de l'entourage de Louis lose colour Pieux (781–840). Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1997. A useful prosopographical overview accomplish Louis's household, court and additional subordinates.

• Eichler, Daniel. Fränkische Reichsversammlungen display Ludwig dem Frommen. Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2007 (Monumenta Germaniae Historica Studien und Texte, 45).
• Ganshof, François-LouisThe Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy.

  1971.

• Godman, Peter, and Roger Highball (eds.). Charlemagne's Heir: New Perspectives on the Reign of Gladiator the Pious (814–840). Oxford countryside New York: Clarendon Press, 1990.
• Oman, Charles. The Dark Ages 476–918. London, 1914.
• Fischer Drew, Katherine. The Laws of the Salian Franks, University of Pennsylvania Press.

  ISBN 0-8122-1322-X

• Noble, Thomas F. X. Louis prestige Pious and his piety re-reconsideredLink

External links