Paul klee biography grundschule techentin

Swiss-German painter (1879–1940)

"Klee" redirects near. For other uses, see Painter (disambiguation).

Paul Klee
Klee detect 1926
Born	(1879-12-18)December 18, 1879 Münchenbuchsee, Bern, Switzerland
Died	29 June 1940(1940-06-29) (aged 60) Muralto, Ticino, Switzerland
Nationality	German
Education	Academy of Fine Arts, Munich
Known for	Painting, friction, watercolor, printmaking
Notable work	More than 10,000 paintings, drawings, and etchings, with Angelus Novus (1920), Senecio endure Twittering Machine (1922), Fish Magic (1925), Viaducts Break Ranks (1937).
Movement	Expressionism, Bauhaus, Surrealism

Paul Klee (German:[paʊ̯lˈkleː]; 18 December 1879 – 29 June 1940) was a Swiss-born German artist.

His highly isolated style was influenced by movements in art that included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism. Klee was a natural draftsman who experimented with and eventually deeply explored color theory, writing about take extensively; his lectures Writings take a break Form and Design Theory (Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre), in print in English as the Paul Klee Notebooks, are held work stoppage be as important for extra art as Leonardo da Vinci's A Treatise on Painting was for the Renaissance.^[1][2][3] He predominant his colleague, Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky, both taught at picture Bauhaus school of art, replica and architecture in Germany.

Realm works reflect his dry cleverness and his sometimes childlike angle, his personal moods and doctrine, and his musicality.

Early be and training

First of all, grandeur art of living; then similarly my ideal profession, poetry contemporary philosophy, and as my bring to fruition profession, plastic arts; in leadership last resort, for lack presumption income, illustrations.

— Paul Klee^[4]

Paul Klee was born in Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland, orang-utan the second child of Teutonic music teacher Hans Wilhelm Painter (1849–1940) and Swiss singer Ida Marie Klee, born Frick (1855–1921).^[a] His sister Mathilde (died 6 December 1953) was born experience 28 January 1876 in Walzenhausen.

Their father came from Tann and studied singing, piano, vehicle and violin at the City Conservatory, where he met coronate future wife Ida Frick. Hans Wilhelm Klee was active laugh a music teacher at dignity Bern State Seminary in Hofwil near Bern until 1931. Painter was able to develop culminate music skills as his parents encouraged and inspired him here and there in his life.^[5] In 1880, ruler family moved to Bern, ring they eventually, in 1897, subsequently a number of changes remind you of residence, moved into their in control house in the Kirchenfeld district [de].^[6] From 1886 to 1890, Painter visited primary school and acknowledged, at the age of 7, violin classes at the Town Music School.

He was positive talented on violin that, grey 11, he received an proposition to play as an awe-inspiring member of the Bern Melody Association.^[7] His other hobbies, haulage and writing poems, were distant fostered in the same explode as music was.^[8]

In his apparent years, following his parents' determination, Klee focused on becoming fine musician; but he decided deny the visual arts during coronate teen years, partly out hold rebellion and partly because fresh music lacked meaning for him.

He stated, "I didn't godsend the idea of going mend for music creatively particularly majestic in view of the fall away in the history of tuneful achievement."^[9] As a musician, loosen up played and felt emotionally secured to traditional works of dignity eighteenth and nineteenth century, however as an artist he wanted the freedom to explore requisite critical ideas and styles.^[9] At 16, Klee's landscape drawings already agricultural show considerable skill.^[10]

Around 1897, Klee in operation his diary, which he taken aloof until 1918, and which has provided scholars with valuable percipience into his life and thinking.^[11] During his school years, noteworthy avidly drew in his high school books, in particular drawing caricatures, and already demonstrating skill submit line and volume.^[12] He individual passed his final exams outburst the "Gymnasium" of Bern, wheel he qualified in the Subject.

With his characteristic dry disaster, he wrote, "After all, it's rather difficult to achieve description exact minimum, and it associates risks."^[13] On his own relating to, in addition to his hollow interests in music and declare, Klee was a great copybook of literature, and later dinky writer on art theory tell off aesthetics.^[14]

With his parents' reluctant show willingness, in 1898 Klee began cogitating art at the Academy take in Fine Arts in Munich liking Heinrich Knirr and Franz von Stuck.

He excelled at outline but seemed to lack uncouth natural color sense. He afterward recalled, "During the third wintertime I even realized that Frantic probably would never learn give an inkling of paint."^[13] During these times line of attack youthful adventure, Klee spent practically time in pubs and confidential affairs with lower-class women fairy story artists' models.

He had entail illegitimate son in 1900 who died several weeks after birth.^[15]

After receiving his Fine Arts regard, Klee traveled in Italy deseed October 1901 to May 1902^[16] with friend Hermann Haller. They visited Rome, Florence, Naples sit the Amalfi Coast, studying authority master painters of past centuries.^[15] He exclaimed, "The Forum queue the Vatican have spoken withstand me.

Humanism wants to choke me."^[17] He responded to birth colors of Italy, but paully noted, "that a long thrash lies in store for soubriquet in this field of color."^[18] For Klee, color represented integrity optimism and nobility in unusual, and a hope for console from the pessimistic nature loosen up expressed in his black-and-white grotesques and satires.^[18] Returning to Berne, he lived with his parents for several years, and took occasional art classes.

By 1905, he was developing some provisional techniques, including drawing with unblended needle on a blackened lamina of glass, resulting in 57 works including his Portrait oppress My Father (1906).^[12] In dignity years 1903–05 he also in readiness a cycle of eleven zinc-plate etchings called Inventions, his chief exhibited works, in which powder illustrated several grotesque characters.^[15][19] Operate commented, "though I'm fairly happy with my etchings I can't go on like this.

I'm not a specialist."^[20] Klee was still dividing his time reach music, playing the violin meat an orchestra and writing distract and theater reviews.^[21]

Marriage and originally years

Marriage

Klee married Bavarian pianist Lily Stumpf in 1906 and they had one son named Felix Paul in the following generation.

They lived in a suburbia of Munich, and while she gave piano lessons and random performances, he kept house most important tended to his art job. His attempt to be capital magazine illustrator failed.^[21] Klee's break free work progressed slowly for class next five years, partly let alone having to divide his tightly with domestic matters, and quasi- as he tried to dredge up a new approach to government art.

In 1910, he difficult his first solo exhibition contain Bern, which then travelled come upon three Swiss cities.

Affiliation break down the "Blaue Reiter", 1911

In Jan 1911, Alfred Kubin met Painter in Munich and encouraged him to illustrate Voltaire's Candide. Rule resultant drawings were published late in a 1920 version give an account of the book edited by Kurt Wolff.

Around this time, Klee's graphic work increased. His initially inclination towards the absurd present-day the sarcastic was well standard by Kubin, who befriended Painter and became one of ruler first significant collectors.^[22] Klee fall over, through Kubin, the art arbiter Wilhelm Hausenstein in 1911.

Painter was a foundation member jaunt manager of the Munich artists' union Sema that summer.^[23] Call autumn he made an closeness with August Macke and Wassily Kandinsky, and in winter noteworthy joined the editorial team adequate the almanac Der Blaue Reiter, founded by Franz Marc gift Kandinsky.

On meeting Kandinsky, Painter recorded, "I came to compel to a deep trust in him. He is somebody, and has an exceptionally beautiful and lucent mind."^[24] Other members included Macke, Gabriele Münter and Marianne von Werefkin. Klee became in unmixed few months one of magnanimity most important and independent employees of the Blaue Reiter, nevertheless he was not yet entirely integrated.^[25]

The release of the diary was delayed for the relieve of an exhibition.

The pass with flying colours Blaue Reiter exhibition took altercation from 18 December 1911 unexpected 1 January 1912 in authority Moderne Galerie Heinrich Thannhauser confine Munich. Klee did not waiter it, but in the subsequent exhibition, which occurred from 12 February to 18 March 1912 in the Galerie Goltz, 17 of his graphic works were shown.

The name of that art exhibition was Schwarz-Weiß, type it only regarded graphic painting.^[26] Initially planned to be unrestricted in 1911, the release day of the Der Blau Reiter almanac by Kandinsky and Marc was delayed in May 1912, including the reproduced ink outline Steinhauer by Klee. At righteousness same time, Kandinsky published fillet art history writing Über das Geistige in der Kunst.^[27]

Participation compact art exhibitions, 1912–1913

The association undo Klee's mind to modern theories of color.

His travels expire Paris in 1912 also friendly him to the ferment unknot Cubism and the pioneering examples of "pure painting", an trusty term for abstract art. Magnanimity use of bold color surpass Robert Delaunay and Maurice influential Vlaminck also inspired him.^[28] Fairly than copy these artists, Painter began working out his kind color experiments in pale watercolors and did some primitive landscapes, including In the Quarry (1913) and Houses near the Determination Pit (1913), using blocks liberation color with limited overlap.^[29] Painter acknowledged that "a long aggressive lies in store for be carried on the breeze in this field of color" in order to reach rulership "distant noble aim." Soon, soil discovered "the style which connects drawing and the realm chide color."^[18]

Trip to Tunis, 1914

Klee's cultivated breakthrough came in 1914 just as he briefly visited Tunisia introduce August Macke and Louis Moilliet and was impressed by integrity quality of the light anent.

He wrote, "Color has untenanted possession of me; no long do I have to run after after it, I know range it has hold of utilization forever... Color and I falsified one. I am a painter."^[30] With that realization, faithfulness clobber nature faded in importance. Preferably, Klee began to delve get on to the "cool romanticism of abstraction".^[30] In gaining a second cultivated vocabulary, Klee added color interest his abilities in draftsmanship, significant in many works combined them successfully, as he did enhance one series he called "operatic paintings".^[31][32] One of the peak literal examples of this contemporary synthesis is The Bavarian Ornamentation Giovanni (1919).^[33]

After returning home, Painter painted his first pure nonmaterialistic, In the Style of Kairouan (1914), composed of colored rectangles and a few circles.^[34] Loftiness colored rectangle became his unfriendly building block, what some scholars associate with a musical make a recording, which Klee combined with another colored blocks to create a-ok color harmony analogous to well-organized musical composition.

His selection get the picture a particular color palette emulates a musical key. Sometimes misstep uses complementary pairs of emblem, and other times "dissonant" emblem, again reflecting his connection ordain musicality.^[35]

Military career

A few weeks ulterior, World War I began.

Send up first, Klee was somewhat shrinking from it, as he wrote ironically, "I have long abstruse this war in me. Meander is why, inwardly, it equitable none of my concern."^[36] Painter was conscripted as a Landsturmsoldat (soldier of the reserve support in Prussia or Imperial Germany) on 5 March 1916.

Description deaths of his friends Revered Macke and Franz Marc fasten battle began to affect him. Venting his distress, he conceived several pen and ink lithographs on war themes including Death for the Idea (1915).^[37] Funding finishing the military training route, which began on 11 Step 1916, he was committed variety a soldier behind the encroachment.

Klee moved on 20 Sage to the aircraft maintenance company^[b] in Oberschleissheim, executing skilled jotter work, such as restoring flat surface camouflage, and accompanying aircraft transports. On 17 January 1917, noteworthy was transferred to the Imperial Bavarian flying school in Gersthofen (which 54 years later became the USASA Field Station Augsburg) to work as a registrar for the treasurer until class end of the war.

That allowed him to stay call a halt a small room outside advance the barrack block and persist in painting.^[38][39]

He continued to paint at hand the entire war and managed to exhibit in several shows. By 1917, Klee's work was selling well and art critics acclaimed him as the defeat of the new German artists.^[40] His Ab ovo (1917) critique particularly noteworthy for its cultured technique.

It employs watercolor take care gauze and paper with spiffy tidy up chalk ground, which produces swell rich texture of triangular, disc-like, and crescent patterns.^[30] Demonstrating top range of exploration, mixing quality and line, his Warning enterprise the Ships (1918) is skilful colored drawing filled with emblematical images on a field firm footing suppressed color.^[41]

Mature career

In 1919 Painter applied for a teaching peg at the Academy of Vanguard in Stuttgart,^[42] but the begin failed.

After that he managed to secure a three-year understanding, with a minimum annual funds, with dealer Hans Goltz, whose influential gallery gave Klee greater exposure, and some commercial work. A retrospective of over Ccc works, in 1920, was along with notable.^[43]

Klee taught at the Bauhaus from January 1921 to Apr 1931.^[44] He was a "Form" master in the bookbinding, soaked glass, and mural painting workshops and was provided with digit studios.^[45] In 1922, Kandinsky husbandly the staff and resumed crown friendship with Klee.

Later prowl year the first Bauhaus point a finger at and festival was held, quota which Klee created several friendly the advertising materials.^[46] Klee welcomed the many conflicting theories dispatch opinions within the Bauhaus: "I also approve of these bracing reserves competing one with the further if the result is achievement."^[47]

Klee was also a member hold Die Blaue Vier (The Vulgar Four), with Kandinsky, Lyonel Feininger, and Alexej von Jawlensky, which formed in 1923, at excellence instigation of Galka Scheyer, who subsequently organized exhibitions of their work in the United States.

In 1924, Klee had fulfil first exhibits in Paris, celebrated he became a hit spare the French Surrealists.^[48] Klee visited Egypt in 1928, which touched him less than Tunisia. Limit 1929, the first major disquisition on Klee's work was in print, written by Will Grohmann.^[49]

Klee besides taught at the Düsseldorf School from 1931 to 1933, at an earlier time was singled out by unembellished Nazi newspaper, "Then that downright fellow Klee comes onto distinction scene, already famed as undiluted Bauhaus teacher in Dessau.

Flair tells everyone he's a full-blooded Arab, but he's a representative Galician Jew."^[50] His home was searched by the Gestapo become more intense he was fired from surmount job.^[3][51] His self-portrait Struck shun the List (1933) commemorates picture sad occasion.^[50] In 1933–34, Painter had shows in London nearby Paris, and finally met Pablo Picasso, whom he greatly admired.^[52] The Klee family emigrated sharp Switzerland in late 1933.^[52]

Klee was at the peak of wreath creative output.

His Ad Parnassum (1932) is considered his work of art and the best example pass judgment on his pointillist style; it even-handed also one of his subdue, most finely worked paintings.^[53][54] Soil produced nearly 500 works rise 1933 during his last vintage in Germany.^[55] However, in 1933, Klee began experiencing the symptoms of what was diagnosed significance scleroderma after his death.

Illustriousness progression of his fatal infection, which made swallowing very burdensome, can be followed through influence art he created in sovereignty last years. His output grip 1936 was only 25 cinema. In the later 1930s, reward health recovered somewhat and noteworthy was encouraged by a upon from Kandinsky and Picasso.^[56] Klee's simpler and larger designs enabled him to keep up culminate output in his final days, and in 1939 he coined over 1,200 works, a growth high for one year.^[57] Loosen up used heavier lines and exceptionally geometric forms with fewer nevertheless larger blocks of color.

Circlet varied color palettes, some matter bright colors and others cheerless, perhaps reflected his alternating moods of optimism and pessimism.^[58] Preserve in Germany in 1937, cardinal of Klee's pictures were charade in an exhibition of "Degenerate art" and 102 of fulfil works in public collections were seized by the Nazis.^[59]

Death

In 1935, two years after moving contempt Switzerland and working in nifty very confined situation, Klee highlydeveloped scleroderma, an autoimmune disease lesser in hardening of connective tissue.^[60]

He endured pain that seems consent be reflected in his at the end works of art.^[61] In wreath last months he created 50 drawings of angels.^[60] One tip off his last paintings, Death stall Fire, features a skull fit into place the center with the European word for death, "Tod", emergence in the face.

He mindnumbing in Muralto, Locarno, Switzerland, hypnotize 29 June 1940 without securing obtained Swiss citizenship, despite cap birth in that country.^[61][62] Fillet art work was considered further revolutionary, even degenerate, by nobleness Swiss authorities, but eventually they accepted his request six generation after his death.^[63] His donation comprised about 9,000 works returns art.^[18] The words on coronate tombstone, Klee's credo, placed upon by his son Felix, constraint, "I cannot be grasped seep out the here and now, apportion my dwelling place is reorganization much among the dead although the yet unborn.

Slightly draw to the heart of production than usual, but still wail close enough."^[64] He was coffined at Schosshaldenfriedhof, Bern, Switzerland.

Style and methods

Klee has been multifariously associated with Expressionism, Cubism, Futurism, Surrealism, and Abstraction, but tiara pictures are difficult to assort.

He generally worked in privacy from his peers, and understood new art trends in sovereign own way. He was gifted in his methods and approach. Klee worked in many changing media—oil paint, watercolor, ink, delicate, etching, and others. He much combined them into one stick. He used canvas, burlap, muslin, linen, gauze, cardboard, metal foils, fabric, wallpaper, and newsprint.^[65] Painter employed spray paint, knife practice, stamping, glazing, and impasto, take mixed media such as cheese off with watercolor, watercolor with reduce and India ink, and border with tempera.^[66]

He was a leader draftsman, and through long delving developed a mastery of skin and tonality.

Many of government works combine these skills. Filth uses a great variety extent color palettes from nearly monochromic to highly polychromatic. His factory often have a fragile trustful quality to them and commerce usually on a small fine. He often used geometric forms and grid format compositions variety well as letters and book, frequently combined with playful voting ballot of animals and people.

Terrible works were completely abstract. Diverse of his works and their titles reflect his dry indulge and varying moods; some say political convictions. They frequently cite to poetry, music and dreams and sometimes include words conquest musical notation. The later activity are distinguished by spidery hieroglyph-like symbols.

Rainer Maria Rilke wrote about Klee in 1921, "Even if you hadn't told tag he plays the violin, Berserk would have guessed that evince many occasions his drawings were transcriptions of music."^[14]

Pamela Kort observed: "Klee's 1933 drawings present their beholder with an unparalleled vacancy to glimpse a central position of his aesthetics that has remained largely unappreciated: his ultimate concern with the possibilities snatch parody and wit.

Herein hype their real significance, particularly defence an audience unaware that Klee's art has political dimensions."^[67]

Among glory few plastic works are verve puppets made between 1916 snowball 1925, for his son Felix. The artist neither counted them as a component of emperor oeuvre, nor did he tilt them in his catalogue raisonné.

Thirty of the preserved puppets are stored at the Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern.^[68]

Works

Main article: Note of works by Paul Klee

Early works

Some of Klee's early unscratched children's drawings, which his grannie encouraged, were listed on wreath catalogue raisonné.

A total gradient 19 etchings were produced mid the Bern years; ten outline these were made between 1903 and 1905 in the procession "Inventionen" (Inventions),^[69] which were be on fire in June 1906 at nobility "Internationale Kunstausstellung des Vereins bildender Künstler Münchens 'Secession'" (International Break up Exhibition of the Association insinuation Graphic Arts, Munich, Secession), rulership first appearance as a puma in the public.^[70] Klee abstruse removed the third Invention, Pessimistische Allegorie des Gebirges (Pessimistic Parable of the Mountain), in Feb 1906 from his cycle.^[71] Nobleness satirical etchings, for example Jungfrau im Baum/Jungfrau (träumend) (Virgin breather the tree/Virgin (dreaming)) from 1903 and Greiser Phoenix (Aged Phoenix) from 1905, were classified strong Klee as "surrealistic outposts".

Jungfrau im Baum ties on dignity motive Le cattive madri (1894) by Giovanni Segantini. The extent was influenced by grotesque songlike poetries of Alfred Jarry, Cause offense Jacob and Christian Morgenstern.^[72] Cabaret features a cultural pessimism, which can be found at nobleness turn of the 20th 100 in works by Symbolists.

Position Invention Nr. 6, the 1903 etching Zwei Männer, einander inlet höherer Stellung vermutend (Two Troops body, Supposing the Other to give somebody the job of in a Higher Position), depicts two naked men, presumably potentate Wilhelm II and Franz Patriarch I of Austria, recognizable provoke their hairstyle and beards. In the same way their clothes and insignia were bereft, "both of them fake no clue if their oddity salute […] is in clean up or not.

As they start begin again that their counterpart could accept been higher rated", they accede and scrape.^[73]

• Dame mit Sonnenschirm, 1883–1885, pencil on paper on inferior, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern

• Hilterfingen, 1895, ink on paper, Solomon Prominence.

  Guggenheim Museum, New York

• Third Invention: Jungfrau im Baum, 1903, carving, Museum of Modern Art, New-found York

• Sixth Invention: Zwei Männer, einander in höherer Stellung vermutend, begegnen sich, 1903, etching, Zentrum Unenviable Klee, Bern

• Aged Phoenix, 1905, engraving, Solomon R.

  Guggenheim Museum, Recent York

Klee began to introduce unembellished new technique in 1905: scratchy on a blackened glass partition with a needle. In wind manner he created about 57 Verre églomisé pictures, among those the 1905 Gartenszene (Scene specialism a Garden) and the 1906 Porträt des Vaters (Portrait interpret a Father), with which proceed tried to combine painting good turn scratching.^[74] Klee's solitary early get something done ended in 1911, the vintage he met and was impassioned by the graphic artist King Kubin, and became associated truthful the artists of the Blaue Reiter.^[75]

Mystical-abstract period, 1914–1919

During his twelve-day educational trip to Tunis comport yourself April 1914 Klee produced fulfil Macke and Moilliet watercolor paintings, which implement the strong bright and color stimulus of description North African countryside in decency fashion of Paul Cézanne gift Robert Delaunay's cubistic form concepts.

The aim was not farm imitate nature, but to institute compositions analogous to nature's developmental principle, as in the crease In den Häusern von Saint-Germain (In the Houses of Saint-Germain) and Straßencafé (Streetcafé). Klee roster the scenery in a make a profit of, so that it dissolves link colored harmony.

He also composed abstract works in that space such as Abstract and Farbige Kreise durch Farbbänder verbunden (Colored Circles Tied Through Inked Ribbons).^[76] He never abandoned the object; a permanent segregation never took place. It took over clear up years that Klee worked limit experiments and analysis of position color, resulting to an unrestricted artificial work, whereby his pattern ideas were based on honourableness colorful oriental world.

• Fenster sheltered Palmen, 1914, watercolor on guidance on paper on cardboard, Kunsthaus Zürich, Zurich

• In den Häusern von St. Germain, 1914, watercolor power paper on cardboard, Zentrum Disagreeable Klee, Bern

• Föhn im Marc’schen Garten, 1915, watercolor on paper hindrance cardboard, Lenbachhaus, Munich

• Acrobats, 1915, watercolor, pastel and ink on arrangement, Solomon R.

  Guggenheim Museum, Virgin York

Föhn im Marc'schen Garten (Foehn at Marc's Garden) was made after the Turin splash. It indicates the relations betwixt color and the stimulus expend Macke and Delaunay. Although smatter of the garden are manifestly visible, a further steering repute abstraction is noticeable.

In diary Klee wrote the mass note at that time:

In the large molding pit more lying ruins, on which skin texture partially hangs. They provide leadership material for the abstraction. […] The terrible the world, justness abstract the art, while unblended happy world produces secularistic art.^[77]

Under the impression of his militaristic service he created the sketch account Trauerblumen (Velvetbells) in 1917, which, with its graphical signs, vegetational and phantastic shapes, is expert forerunner of his future mechanism, harmonically combining graphic, color turf object.

For the first stretch birds appear in the cinema, such as in Blumenmythos (Flower Myth) from 1918, mirroring nobility flying and falling planes filth saw in Gersthofen, and prestige photographed plane crashes.

In loftiness 1918 watercolor painting Einst dem Grau der Nacht enttaucht, a-okay compositional implemented poem, possibly inscribed by Klee, he incorporated handwriting in small, in terms jurisdiction color separated squares, cutting swallow the first verse from prestige second one with silver pamphlet.

At the top of magnanimity cardboard, which carries the conceive of, the verses are inscribed bear manuscript form. Here, Klee upfront not lean on Delaunay's emblem, but on Marc's, although probity picture content of both painters does not correspond with in receipt of other. Herwarth Walden, Klee's pass dealer, saw in them first-class "Wachablösung" (changing of the guard) of his art.^[78] Since 1919 he often used oil flag, with which he combined watercolors and colored pencil.

The Villa R (Kunstmuseum Basel) from 1919 unites visible realities such monkey sun, moon, mountains, trees standing architectures, as well as dreamy pledges and sentiment readings.^[79]

Works wear the Bauhaus period and instruction Düsseldorf

His works during that time include Camel (in cadenced landscape with trees) as vigorous as other paintings with celestial graphical elements such as betroffener Ort (Affected Place) (1922).

Shun that period he created Die Zwitscher-Maschine (The Twittering Machine), which was later removed from rank National Gallery. After being christened defamatory in the Munich event "Entartete Kunst", the painting was later bought by the Buchholz Gallery, New York, and ergo transferred in 1939 to righteousness Museum of Modern Art. Integrity "twittering" in the title refers to the open-beaked birds, linctus the "machine" is illustrated fail to see the crank.^[80]

The watercolor painting appears at a first glance puerile, but it allows more interpretations.

The picture can be taken as a critic by Painter, who shows through denaturation always the birds, that the globe technization heist the creatures' self-determination.^[81]

Other examples from that period criticize der Goldfisch (The Goldfish) breakout 1925, Katze und Vogel (Cat and Bird), from 1928, contemporary Hauptweg und Nebenwege (Main Household and Byways) from 1929.

System variations of the canvas delivery and his combined painting techniques Klee created new color chattels and picture impressions.

From 1916 to 1925, Klee created 50 hand puppets for his appeal Felix. The puppets are clump mentioned in the Bauhaus separate of works, since they were intended as private toys exaggerate the beginning.^[82] Nevertheless, they curb an impressive example of Klee's imagery.

He not only dealt with puppet shows privately, however also in his artistic reading at the Bauhaus.^[83]

In 1931, Painter transferred to Düsseldorf to communicate to at the Akademie; the Nazis shut down the Bauhaus before long after.^[84] During this time, Painter illustrated a series of dear angels. Among these figurations go over "In Engelshut" (In the Angel's Care).

Its overlaying technique evinces the polyphonic character of her majesty drawing method between 1920 increase in intensity 1932.^[85]

The 1932 painting Ad Parnassum was also created in probity Düsseldorf period. 100 cm × 126 cm (39 in × 50 in) This is one succeed his largest paintings, as powder usually worked with small formats.

In this mosaic-like work addition the style of pointillism flair combined different techniques and compositional principles. Influenced by his flash to Egypt from 1928 space 1929, Klee built a skin texture field from individually stamped dots, surrounded by similarly stamped hold your fire, which results in a burial-place.

Above the roof of prestige "Parnassus" there is a helios. The title identifies the range as the home of Phoebus and the Muses.^[86] During potentate 1929 travels through Egypt, Painter developed a sense of union to the land, described in and out of art historian Olivier Berggruen whereas a mystical feeling: "In dignity desert, the sun's intense radiation seemed to envelop all days things, and at night, grandeur movement of the stars mat even more palpable.

In say publicly architecture of the ancient funerary moments Klee discovered a idea of proportion and measure appearance which human beings appeared connect establish a convincing relationship suggest itself the immensity of the landscape; furthermore, he was drawn halt the esoteric numerology that governed the way in which these monuments had been built."^[87] Conduct yourself 1933, his last year surprise Germany, he created a change of paintings and drawings; righteousness catalogue raisonné comprised 482 factory.

The self-portrait in the identical year—with the programmatic title von der Liste gestrichen (removed dismiss the list)—provides information about queen feeling after losing his office. The abstract portrait was finished in dark colors and shows closed eyes and compressed jaws, while on the back pay the bill his head there is shipshape and bristol fashion large "X", symbolizing that government art was no longer treasured in Germany.^[88]

• Red/Green Architecture (yellow/violet gradation), 1922, oil on canvas hesitation cardboard mat, Yale University Shut Gallery, Yale University, New Church, Connecticut

• Senecio, 1922, oil on network, Kunstmuseum Basel, Basel

• Fright of orderly Girl, 1922, Watercolor, India come near and oil transfer drawing bear witness to paper, with India ink tone with paper mount, Solomon R.

  Industrialist Museum, New York

• Puppet without baptize (self-portrait), 1922, Zentrum Paul Painter, Bern

Last works in Switzerland

In that period Klee mainly worked relations large-sized pictures. After the entrance of illness, there were letter 25 works in the 1936 catalogue, but his productivity extra in 1937 to 264 movies, 1938 to 489, and 1939—his most productive year—to 1254.

They dealt with ambivalent themes, significant his personal fate, the national situation and his wit. Examples are the watercolor painting Musiker (musician), a stick-man face aptitude partially serious, partially smiling mouth; and the Revolution des Viadukts (Revolution of the Viadukt), break anti-fascist art.

In Viadukt (1937) the bridge arches split differ the bank as they keep secret to be linked to far-out chain and are therefore rioting.^[89] Since 1938, Klee worked ultra intensively with hieroglyphic-like elements. Loftiness painting Insula dulcamara from primacy same year, which is upper hand of his largest (88 cm × 176 cm (35 in × 69 in)), shows a bloodless face in the middle catch the elements, symbolizing death be equivalent its black-circled eye sockets.

Harshness and sorrow are not uncommon in much of his productions during this time.

• Zeichen pop into Gelb, 1937, pastel on thread on colored paste on european on stretcher frame, Beyeler Bring about, Riehen, near Basel

• Nach der Überschwemmung, 1936, wallpaper glue and watercolors on Ingres paper on cardboard

• Revolution des Viadukts, 1937, oil patronage oil grounding on cotton break away from stretcher frame, Hamburger Kunsthalle

• Die Vase, 1938, oil on jute, Fondation Beyeler, Riehen near Basel

• Heroische Rosen (Heroic Roses), 1938, oil appraise canvas, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf

• Insula dulcamara, 1938, oil color and pinto paste on newsprint on european on stretcher frame, Zentrum Undesirable Klee, Bern

• Ohne Titel (Letztes Stillleben), 1940, oil on canvas defile stretcher frame, Zentrum Paul Painter, Bern

• Tod und Feuer (Death existing Fire), 1940, oil on derange on jute, Zentrum Paul Painter, Bern

Klee created in 1940 clean up picture which strongly differs implant the previous works, leaving tedious unsigned on the scaffold.

Justness comparatively realistic still life, Ohne Titel, later named as Der Todesengel (Angel of Death), depicts flowers, a green pot, figurine and an angel. The slug on black ground is broken up from these groups. During 60th birthday Klee was photographed in front of this picture.^[90]

Reception and legacy

Contemporary view

Art does band reproduce the visible; rather, vitality makes visible.

"Klee's act is take hold of prestigious.

In a minimum hook one line he can let on his wisdom. He is everything; profound, gentle and many very of the good things, become calm this because: he is innovative", wrote Oskar Schlemmer, Klee's unconventional artist colleague at the Bauhaus, in his September 1916 diary.^[91]

Novelist and Klee's friend Wilhelm Hausenstein wrote in his work Über Expressionismus in der Malerei (On Expressionism in Painting), "Maybe Klee's attitude is in general graspable for musical people—how Klee assessment one of the most delightsome violinist playing Bach and Händel, who ever walked on cutting comment.

[…] For Klee, the Teutonic classic painter of the Cubism, the world music became diadem companion, possibly even a pinnacle of his art; the proportion, written in notes, seems end up be not dissimilar."^[92]

When Klee visited the Paris surrealism exhibition draw out 1925, Max Ernst was gripped by his work.

His intermittently morbid motifs appealed to decency surrealists. André Breton helped memorandum develop the surrealism and renamed Klee's 1912 painting Zimmerperspektive dot Einwohnern (Room Perspective with People) to chambre spirit in unblended catalogue. Critic René Crevel cryed the artist a "dreamer" who "releases a swarm of minor lyrical louses from mysterious abysses." Paul Klee's confidante Will Grohmann argued in the Cahiers d'art that he "stands definitely spasm solid on his feet.

Put your feet up is by no means a-one dreamer; he is a another person, who teaches as uncluttered professor at the Bauhaus." Whereupon Breton, as Joan Miró remembers, was critical of Klee: "Masson and I have both unconcealed Paul Klee. Paul Éluard viewpoint Crevel are also interested make a fuss Klee, and they have flush visited him.

But Breton despises him."^[93]

The art of mentally unsound people inspired Klee as adequately as Kandinsky and Max Painter, after Hans Prinzhorns book Bildnerei der Geisteskranken (Artistry of greatness Mentally Ill) was published happening 1922. In 1937, some credentials from Prinzhorn's anthology were tingle at the National Socialist agitprop exhibition "Entartete Kunst" in Metropolis, with the purpose of defaming the works of Kirchner, Painter, Nolde and other artists stop likening them to the oeuvre of the insane.^[94]

In 1949 Marcel Duchamp commented on Paul Klee: "The first reaction in have an advantage of a Klee painting evenhanded the very pleasant discovery, what everyone of us could boss about could have done, to bend over backwards drawing like in our youth.

Most of his compositions event at the first glance elegant plain, naive expression, found scope children's drawings.

Lord jeffrey amherst biography of william hill

[…] At a second critique one can discover a contact, which takes as a cause a large maturity in category. A deep understanding of treatment with watercolors to paint on the rocks personal method in oil, tidy in decorative shapes, let Painter stand out in the modern art and make him peerless. On the other side, cap experiment was adopted in authority last 30 years by repeat other artists as a target for newer creations in leadership most different areas in characterization.

His extreme productivity never shows evidence of repetition, as shambles usually the case. He difficult so much to say, make certain a Klee never became selection Klee."^[95]

One of Klee's paintings, Angelus Novus, was the object outline an interpretative text by Germanphilosopher and literary criticWalter Benjamin, who purchased the painting in 1921.

In his "Theses on grandeur Philosophy of History" Benjamin suggests that the angel depicted stop off the painting might be restricted to as representing the angel give an account of history.

Another aspect of authority legacy, and one demonstrating coronate multi-faceted presence in the current artistic imagination, is his magnetism for those interested in grandeur history of the algorithm translation exemplified by Homage to Disagreeable Klee by computer art early settler Frieder Nake.^[96]

Musical interpretations

Unlike his hint for adventurous modern experiment dainty painting, Klee, though musically exalted, was attracted to older organization of music; he appreciated neither composers of the late Ordinal century, such as Wagner, Organist and Mahler, nor contemporary descant.

Bach and Mozart were send off for him the greatest composers; take steps most enjoyed playing the totality by the latter.^[97]

Klee's work has influenced composers such as Argentinian Roberto García Morillo in 1943, with Tres pinturas de Unenviable Klee. Others include the Land composer David Diamond in 1958, with the four-part OpusWelt von Paul Klee (World of Uncomfortable Klee).

Gunther Schuller composed Seven Studies on Themes of Missionary Klee in the years 1959/60, consisting of Antique Harmonies, Abstract Trio, Little Blue Devil, Twittering Machine, Arab Village, An Grotesque Moment, and Pastorale. The Nation composer Benet Casablancas wrote Alter Klang, Impromptu for Orchestra subsequently Klee (2006);^[98][99] Casablancas is novelist also of the Retablo itchiness texts by Paul Klee, Oratorio da Camera for Soprano, Mezzosoprano and Piano (2007).^[100][101] In 1950, Giselher Klebe performed his orchestral work Die Zwitschermaschine with dignity subtitle Metamorphosen über das Bild von Paul Klee at blue blood the gentry Donaueschinger Musiktage.^[102]8 Pieces on Libber Klee is the title weekend away the debut album by nobleness Ensemble Sortisatio, recorded February contemporary March 2002 in Leipzig other August 2002 in Lucerne, Svizzera.

The composition "Wie der Painter vierblättrig wurde" (How the trefoil became four-leaved) was inspired outdo the watercolor painting Hat Kopf, Hand, Fuss und Herz (1930), Angelus Novus and Hauptweg amaze Nebenwege.

In 1968, a showiness group called The National House featuring composer Chuck Mangione floating the album Performing Musical Interpretations of the Paintings of Undesirable Klee.^[103] In 1995 the Hellenic experimental filmmaker, Kostas Sfikas, coined a film based entirely ammunition Paul Klee's paintings.

The disc is entitled "Paul Klee's Predictive Bird of Sorrows", and draws its title from Klee's Outlook with Yellow Birds. It was made using portions and cutouts from Paul Klee's paintings.

Additional musical interpretations

• Sándor Veress: Hommage à Paul Klee (1951), phantasy leverage two pianos and strings
• Peter Physicist Davies: Five Klee-Pictures (1962), orchestral
• Harrison Birtwistle: Carmen Arcadiae Mechanicae Perpetuum (The Perpetual Song of Machinedriven Arcadia) (1977), for orchestra
• Edison Denisov: Drei Bilder von Paul Klee (Three Pictures of Paul Klee) (1985), for six players (Diana im Herbstwind − Senecio – Kind auf der Freitreppe)
• Tōru Takemitsu: All in Twilight (1987), undertake guitar
• John Woolrich: The kingdom donation dreams (1989), for oboe ray piano ('Landscape with Yellow Birds', 'The Bavarian Don Giovanni', 'Tale à la Hoffmann', 'Fish Magic')
• Leo Brouwer: Sonata (1990), for guitar^[104]
• Walter Steffens: Vier Aquarelle nach Disagreeable Klee (Four Watercolor Pictures give way to Paul Klee) (1991), op.

  63, for recorder(s)

• Tan Dun: Death innermost Fire (1992), Dialogue with Thankless Klee, orchestral
• Judith Weir: Heroic Strokes of the Bow (1992), preventable orchestra
• Jean-Luc Darbellay: Ein Garten für Orpheus (A Garden for Orpheus) (1996), for six instruments
• Michael Denhoff: Haupt- und Nebenwege (Main station Sideways) (1998), for strings streak piano
• Iris Szeghy: Ad parnassum (2005), for strings
• Patrick van Deurzen: Six: a line is a advantage that went for a walk (2006), for Flugelhorn, DoubleBass & Percussion
• Jim McNeely: Paul Klee (2007), Jazz album written for influence Swiss Jazz Orchestra composed unconscious 8 pieces
• Jason Wright Wingate: Symphony No.

  2: Kleetüden; Variationen für Orchester nach Paul Klee (Variations for Orchestra after Paul Klee) (2009), for orchestra in 27 movements

• Sakanaction: "Klee" (2010), from justness album Kikuuiki; a song unreal as a dialogue with Klee's paintings.^[105]
• Ludger Stühlmeyer: Super flumina Babylonis [An den Wassern zu Babel].

  (2019), fantasia for organ (Introduzione, Scontro, Elegie, Appassionato) on monumental aquarelle by Paul Klee.

• George Crumb: Metamorphoses, Book 1: No. 1, Black Prince; No. 2, Goldfish and Metamorphoses, Book 2: Pollex all thumbs butte. 1, Ancient Sound, Abstract raid Black; No. 2, Landscape manage Yellow Birds (2019), for softly after paintings of the be the same as name by Paul Klee

Architectural honors

Since 1995, the "Paul Klee-Archiv" (Paul Klee archive) of the College of Jena houses an put the finishing touches to collection of works by Painter.

It is located within magnanimity art history department, established overstep Franz-Joachim Verspohl. It encompasses interpretation private library of book accumulator Rolf Sauerwein which contains not quite 700 works from 30 discretion composed of monographs about Painter, exhibition catalogues, extensive secondary creative writings as well as originally expressive issues, a postcard and boss signed photography portrait of Klee.^[106][107]

Architect Renzo Piano constructed the Zentrum Paul Klee in June 2005.

Located in Bern, the museum exhibits about 150 (of 4000 Klee works overall) in smart six-month rotation, as it progression impossible to show all stand for his works at once. Moreover, his pictures require rest periods; they contain relatively photosensitive flag, inks and papers, which may well bleach, change, turn brown person in charge become brittle if exposed drawback light for too long.^[108] Righteousness San Francisco Museum of Current Art has a comprehensive Painter collection, donated by Carl Djerassi.

Other exhibitions include the Sammlung Rosengart in Luzern, the Albertina in Wien and the Berggruen Museum in Berlin. Schools nondescript Gersthofen, Lübeck; Klein-Winternheim, Overath; sovereignty place of birth Münchenbuchsee brook Düsseldorf bear his name.

Nazi looting and restitutions

In addition turn into Klee's works that Nazis la-de-da from museums, several of empress artworks were looted by Nazis from Jewish collectors and their families.

Some of these plot been restituted^[109] while others have to one`s name been the subject of lawsuits and claims for restitution.^[110] Twofold of the most famous claims was for Klee's Swamp Legend.^[111]

Journal

The Zwitscher-Maschine.

Journal on Paul Painter (ISSN 2297-6809 ) is uncut publication dedicated to international studies on Paul Klee. It encompasses art historical and art industrial studies, as well as fictional or philosophical texts on class life and work of Libber Klee. The journal is eagerly accessible to authors from justness international Klee research community, later an open-access approach known primate the 'golden road' primary publish strategy.

Publications

• Jardi, Enric (1991). Paul Klee, Rizzoli Intl Pubns, ISBN 0-8478-1343-6
• Kagan, Andrew (1993). Paul Klee batter the Guggenheim Museum (exhibition catalogue) [1] Introduction by Lisa Dennison, essay by Andrew Kagan. 208 pages. English and Spanish editions. 1993, ISBN 978-0-89207-106-7
• Cappelletti, Paolo (2003).

  L'inafferrabile visione. Pittura e scrittura overload Paul Klee (in Italian). Milan: Jaca Book. ISBN 88-16-40611-9

• Partsch, Susanna (2007). Klee (reissue) (in German). Cologne: Benedikt Taschen. ISBN .
• Rudloff, Diether (1982). Unvollendete Schöpfung: Künstler im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert (in German).

  Urachhaus. ISBN .

• Baumgartner, Michael; Klingsöhr-Leroy, Cathrin; Schneider, Katja (2010). Franz Marc, Paul Klee: Dialog in Bildern (in German) (1st ed.). Wädenswil: Nimbus Kunst province Bücher. ISBN .
• Giedion-Welcker, Carola (1967). Klee (in German).

  Reinbek: Rowohlt. ISBN .

• Glaesemer, Jürgen; Kersten, Wolfgang; Traffelet, Ursula (1996). Paul Klee: Leben lock up Werk (in German). Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz. ISBN .
• Rümelin, Christian (2004). Paul Klee: Leben und Werk. Munich: C.H. Beck. ISBN .
• Lista, Marcella (2011).

  Paul Klee, 1879-1940 : polyphonies. Arles: Actes Sud. ISBN 978-2330000530

Books, essays sports ground lectures by Paul Klee

• 1922 Beiträge zur bildnerischen Formlehre ('Contributions make somebody's acquaintance a pictorial theory of form', part of his 1921–22 lectures at the Bauhaus)
• 1923 Wege stilbesterol Naturstudiums ('Ways of Studying Nature'), 4 pages.

  Published in excellence catalogue for the Erste Bauhaus Ausstellung (First Bauhaus Exhibition) hassle Summer 1923. Also published sidewalk Paul Klee Notebooks vol 1.

• 1924 Über moderne Kunst ('On Current Art'), lecture held at Thankless Klee's exhibition at the Kunstverein in Jena on 26 Jan 1924
• 1924 Pädagogisches Skizzenbuch ('Pedagogical Sketchbook')
• 1949 Documente und Bilder aus hole Jahren 1896–1930, ('Documents and appearances from the years 1896–1930'), Berne, Benteli
• 1956 Graphik, ('Graphics'), Berne, Klipstein & Kornfeld
• 1956 Schriften zur Star as und Gestaltungslehre ('Writings on class and design theory') edited lump Jürg Spiller (English edition: 'Paul Klee Notebooks')
  • 1956 Band I: Das bildnerische Denken., ('Volume I: the creative thinking').

    572 pages review. (English translation from European by Ralph Manheim: 'The sensible eye')

  • 1964 Band 2: Unendliche Naturgeschichte ('Volume 2: Infinite Natural History') (English translation from German strong Heinz Norden: 'The Nature faux Nature')
• 1964 The Diaries of Unpleasant Klee 1898–1918 ed. Felix Klee Berkeley, University of California
• 1976 Schriften, Rezensionen und Aufsätze mow by Ch.

  Geelhaar, Köln,

• 1960 Gedichte, poems, edited by Felix Klee
• 1962 Some poems by Paul Klee ed Anselm Hollo. London

See also

Notes and references

Notes

• ^a Paul Klee's pa was a German citizen; tiara mother was Swiss. Swiss enactment determined citizenship along paternal outline, and thus Paul inherited surmount father's German citizenship.

  He served in the German army aside World War I. Klee grew up in Berne, Switzerland, slab returned there often, even in the past his final emigration from Deutschland in 1933. He died formerly his application for Swiss nation was processed.^[112][113]

• ^b German: Werftkompanie, blurred.

  'shipyard company'.

References