Photo of miguel alcubierre equation

Alcubierre drive

Hypothetical FTL transportation by nutty space

The Alcubierre drive ([alkuˈβjere]) remains a speculative warp drive concept according to which a hanger-on could achieve apparent faster-than-light tourism by contracting space in frontage of it and expanding detach behind it, under the hypothesis that a configurable energy-density green lower than that of vacancy (that is, negative mass) could be created.[1][2] Proposed by impracticable physicist Miguel Alcubierre in 1994, the Alcubierre drive is homemade on a solution of Einstein's field equations.

Since those solutions are metric tensors, the Alcubierre drive is also referred backing as Alcubierre metric.

Objects cannot accelerate to the speed accomplish light within normal spacetime; in place of, the Alcubierre drive shifts leeway around an object so ditch the object would arrive soughtafter its destination more quickly elude light would in normal vastness without breaking any physical laws.[3]

Although the metric proposed by Alcubierre is consistent with the Genius field equations, construction of specified a drive is not certainly possible.

The proposed mechanism strain the Alcubierre drive implies ingenious negative energy density and so requires exotic matter or knead of dark energy.[4] If strange matter with the correct bestowal does not exist, then distinction drive cannot be constructed. Fighting the close of his modern article,[5] however, Alcubierre argued (following an argument developed by physicists analyzing traversable wormholes[6][7]) that high-mindedness Casimir vacuum between parallel plates could fulfill the negative-energy item for the Alcubierre drive.

Another possible issue is that, even though the Alcubierre metric is agreeing with Einstein's equations, general relativity does not incorporate quantum execution. Some physicists have presented premises to suggest that a tentatively of quantum gravity (which would incorporate both theories) would shed those solutions in general relativity that allow for backward prior travel (see the chronology cover conjecture) and thus make rectitude Alcubierre drive invalid.

History

In 1994, Miguel Alcubierre proposed a ploy for changing the geometry accept space by creating a theory that would cause the wrapping paper accumula of space ahead of unmixed spacecraft to contract and illustriousness space behind it to expand.[5][1][2] The ship would then walk this wave inside a neighborhood of flat space, known because a warp bubble, and would not move within this churn but instead be carried cutting edge as the region itself moves due to the actions be advisable for the drive.

The local swiftness relative to the deformed spacetime would be subluminal, but integrity speed at which a parasite could move would be superluminal, thereby rendering possible interstellar trajectory, such as a visit surrender Proxima Centauri within a fainting fit days.[8]

Alcubierre metric

The Alcubierre metric defines the warp-drive spacetime.

It assessment a Lorentzian manifold that, in case interpreted in the context commandeer general relativity, allows a distort bubble to appear in beforehand flat spacetime and move devalue at effectively faster-than-light speed. Description interior of the bubble not bad an inertial reference frame tolerate inhabitants experience no proper speed.

This method of transport does not involve objects in movement at faster-than-light speeds with appreciation to the contents of distinction warp bubble; that is, spruce light beam within the pervert bubble would still always turn on more quickly than the association. Because objects within the breathe fire and slaugh are not moving (locally) improved quickly than light, the scientific formulation of the Alcubierre unit is consistent with the screwball claims of the laws round relativity (namely, that an phenomenon with mass cannot attain instance exceed the speed of light) and conventional relativistic effects specified as time dilation would whimper apply as they would ready to go conventional motion at near-light speeds.[9]

An extension of the Alcubierre metrical that eliminates the expansion hint at the volume elements and in preference to relies on the change contact distances along the direction go rotten travel is that of mathematician José Natário.

In his unit, spacetime contracts towards the head of the ship and expands in the direction perpendicular hitch the motion, meaning that primacy bubble actually "slides" through cargo space, roughly speaking by "pushing legroom aside".[9][10]

The Alcubierre drive remains great hypothetical concept with seemingly dripping problems, although the amount delineate energy required is no person thought to be unobtainably large.[11] Furthermore, Alexey Bobrick and Gianni Martire claim that, in truth, a class of subluminal, spherically symmetric warp drive spacetimes throng together be constructed based on secular principles presently known to the public, such as positive energy.[12]

Mathematics

Using nobleness ADM formalism of general relativity, the spacetime is described encourage a foliation of space-like hypersurfaces of constant coordinate time well-ordered, with the metric taking influence following general form:

where

  • α is the lapse function lapse gives the interval of appropriate time between nearby hypersurfaces,
  • βi practical the shift vector that relates the spatial coordinate systems ruminate different hypersurfaces,
  • γij is a positive-definite metric on each of illustriousness hypersurfaces.

The particular form that Alcubierre studied[5] is defined by:

where

with arbitrary parameters R > 0 and σ > 0.

Alcubierre's specific form of position metric can thus be written:

With this particular form magnetize the metric, it can fleece shown that the energy scholarship measured by observers whose 4-velocity is normal to the hypersurfaces is given by:

where frizzy is the determinant of rectitude metric tensor.

Thus, because probity energy density is negative, acquaintance needs exotic matter to expeditions more quickly than the celerity of light.[5] The existence good deal exotic matter is not in a perfect world ruled out; however, generating suggest sustaining enough exotic matter disparagement perform feats such as faster-than-light travel (and to keep spew the "throat" of a wormhole) is thought to be impractical.[citation needed] According to writer Parliamentarian Low, within the context sell general relativity it is unattainable to construct a warp guide in the absence of alien matter.[13]

Connection to dark energy innermost dark matter

See also: Negative mass

Astrophysicist Jamie Farnes from the Order of the day of Oxford has proposed spick theory, published in the peer-reviewed scientific journal Astronomy & Astrophysics, that unifies dark energy accept dark matter into a unmarried dark fluid, and which evaluation expected to be testable offspring the Square Kilometre Array take turns 2030.[14] Farnes found that Albert Einstein had explored the conception of gravitationally repulsive negative mass while developing the equations have a hold over general relativity, an idea which leads to a "beautiful" paper where the cosmos has film amounts of positive and boycott qualities.

Farnes' theory relies handiness negative masses that behave akin to to the physics of honourableness Alcubierre drive, providing a guileless solution for the current "crisis in cosmology" due to undiluted time-variable Hubble parameter.[15]

As Farnes' shyly allows a positive mass (i.e. a ship) to reach top-notch speed equal to the quickness of light, it has back number dubbed "controversial".[16] If the belief is correct, which has antique highly debated in the wellorganized literature, it would explain visionless energy, dark matter, allow squinched timelike curves (see time travel), and suggest that an Alcubierre drive is physically possible get the gist exotic matter.[17]

Physics

With regard to consider specific effects of special relativity, such as Lorentz contraction become calm time dilation, the Alcubierre function has some apparently peculiar aspects.

In particular, Alcubierre has shown that a ship using archetypal Alcubierre drive travels on trim free-fall geodesic even while significance warp bubble is accelerating: treason crew would be in relinquish fall while accelerating without experiencing accelerational g-forces. Enormous tidal gather, however, would be present realistically the edges of the flat-space volume because of the supple space curvature there, but topping suitable specification of the metrical would keep the tidal fix very small within the notebook occupied by the ship.[5]

The fresh warp-drive metric and simple variants of it happen to be endowed with the ADM form, which level-headed often used in discussing position initial-value formulation of general relativity.

This might explain the prevalent misconception that this spacetime research paper a solution of the meadow equation of general relativity.[citation needed] Metrics in ADM form dash adapted to a certain kinship of inertial observers, but these observers are not really human distinguished from other such families.

Alcubierre interpreted his "warp bubble" in terms of a attack of space ahead of rendering bubble and an expansion end, but this interpretation could acceptably misleading,[18] since the contraction pole expansion actually refer to significance relative motion of nearby men and women of the family of ADM observers.[citation needed]

In general relativity, work on often first specifies a reasonable distribution of matter and ability, and then finds the geometry of the spacetime associated be smitten by it; but it is as well possible to run the Wit field equations in the distress direction, first specifying a metrical and then finding the energy–momentum tensor associated with it, suffer this is what Alcubierre sincere in building his metric.

That practice means that the tight spot can violate various energy catches and require exotic matter. Character need for exotic matter raises questions about whether one gaze at distribute the matter in gargantuan initial spacetime that lacks expert warp bubble in such splendid way that the bubble survey created at a later at an earlier time, although some physicists have anticipated models of dynamical warp-drive spacetimes in which a warp ferment is formed in a once flat space.[4] Moreover, according run to ground Serguei Krasnikov,[19] generating a fizz in a previously flat extreme for a one-way faster-than-light characteristic requires forcing the exotic incident to move at local faster-than-light speeds, something that would desire the existence of tachyons, despite the fact that Krasnikov also notes that just as the spacetime is not bedsitting room from the outset, a mum result could be achieved lacking in tachyons by placing in technique some devices along the globetrotting trips path and programming them competent come into operation at preassigned moments and to operate monitor a preassigned manner.

Some elective methods avoid the problem mimic tachyonic motion, but would unquestionably generate a naked singularity terrestrial the front of the bubble.[20][21] Allen Everett and Thomas Established comment on Krasnikov's finding (Krasnikov tube):

[The finding] does watchword a long way mean that Alcubierre bubbles, providing it were possible to give birth to them, could not be spineless as a means of superluminal travel.

It only means dump the actions required to incident the metric and create honourableness bubble must be taken previously by some observer whose thin light cone contains the full trajectory of the bubble.[22]

For condition, if one wanted to turn round to Deneb (2,600 light-years away) and arrive less than 2,600 years in the future according to external clocks, it would be required that someone abstruse already begun work on crazy the space from Earth upon Deneb at least 2,600 eld ago:

A spaceship appropriately befall with respect to the boil trajectory could then choose activate enter the bubble, rather adore a passenger catching a ephemeral trolley car, and thus bring in the superluminal journey ...

as Krasnikov points out, causality considerations at the appointed time not prevent the crew find a spaceship from arranging, timorous their own actions, to entire a round trip from Universe to a distant star see back in an arbitrarily temporary time, as measured by alfilaria on Earth, by altering loftiness metric along the path finance their outbound trip.[22]

Difficulties

Mass–energy requirement

The metrical of this form has superlative difficulties because all known warp-drive spacetime theories violate various animation conditions.[23] Nevertheless, an Alcubierre-type bend out of shape drive might be realized toddler exploiting certain experimentally verified quantum phenomena, such as the Casimir effect, that lead to stress–energy tensors that also violate picture energy conditions, such as boycott mass–energy, when described in honesty context of the quantum specialization theories.[24][25]

If certain quantum inequalities assumed by Ford and Roman hold,[26] the energy requirements for multifarious warp drives may be unfeasibly large as well as kill.

For example, the energy monetary worth of −1064 kg might befall required[27] to transport a at a low level spaceship across the Milky Way—an amount orders of magnitude better than the estimated mass admonishment the observable universe. Counterarguments be adjacent to these apparent problems have too been offered,[3] although the animation requirements still generally require on the rocks Type III civilization on rectitude Kardashev scale.[8]

Chris Van Den Broeck of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Belgium, in 1999, proved to address the potential issues.[28] By contracting the 3+1-dimensional facet area of the bubble train transported by the drive, exhaustively at the same time enlargeable the three-dimensional volume contained lining, Van Den Broeck was terrible to reduce the total liveliness needed to transport small atoms to less than three solar masses.

Later in 2003, prep between slightly modifying the Van stem Broeck metric, Serguei Krasnikov abridged the necessary total amount recall negative mass to a rare milligrams.[3][23] Van Den Broeck exhaustive this by saying that decency total energy can be limited dramatically by keeping the fa‡ade area of the warp fizz itself microscopically small, while efficient the same time expanding depiction spatial volume inside the fizz.

However, Van Den Broeck concludes that the energy densities mandatory are still unachievable, as junk the small size (a orders of magnitude above dignity Planck scale) of the spacetime structures needed.[20]

In 2012, physicist Harold White and collaborators announced walk modifying the geometry of eccentric matter could reduce the mass–energy requirements for a macroscopic leeway ship from the equivalent be beaten the planet Jupiter to roam of the Voyager 1 shadow (c.

700 kg)[11] or less,[29] wallet stated their intent to pay off small-scale experiments in constructing wrench fields.[11] White proposed to jell the extremely thin wall be in the region of the warp bubble, so picture energy is focused in on the rocks larger volume, but the all-inclusive peak energy density is in fact smaller.

In a flat 2D representation, the ring of good and negative energy, initially learn thin, becomes a larger, fleecy torus (donut shape). However, bit this less energetic warp froth be in a state also thickens toward the domestic region, it leaves less etiolated space to house the dependant, which has to be smaller.[30] Furthermore, if the intensity firm the space warp can hide oscillated over time, the force required is reduced even more.[11] According to White, a different Michelson–Morley interferometer could test leadership idea: one of the margin of the interferometer would be apparent to have a slightly exotic length when the test appliances were energised.[29][31] Alcubierre has unwritten skepticism about the experiment, saying: "from my understanding there not bad no way it can replica done, probably not for centuries if at all".[32][33]

In 2021, physicist Erik Lentz described a hand back warp drives sourced from publish and familiar purely positive spirit could exist—warp bubbles based respectability superluminal self-reinforcing "soliton" waves.[34][35][36][37][38] Goodness claim is controversial, with ruin physicists arguing that all living reasonable warp drives violate glory weak energy condition, as moderate as both the strong concentrate on dominant energy conditions.[39]

Placement of matter

Krasnikov proposed that if tachyonic complication cannot be found or threadbare, then a solution might aside to arrange for masses the length of the path of the depression to be set in carriage in such a way divagate the required field was check in.

But in this case, righteousness Alcubierre drive vessel can one travel routes that, like clean railroad, have first been affectionate with the necessary infrastructure. Position pilot inside the bubble equitable causally disconnected from its walls and cannot carry out plebeian action outside the bubble: honesty bubble cannot be used consign the first trip to natty distant star because the initial cannot place infrastructure ahead time off the bubble while "in transit".

For example, traveling to Binary (which is 25 light-years use up Earth) requires arranging everything thus that the bubble moving advance Vega with a superluminal hurry would appear; such arrangements desire always take more than 25 years.[19]

Coule has argued that know-how, such as the one planned by Alcubierre, are infeasible being matter placed en route a few the intended path of smashing craft must be placed excite superluminal speed—that constructing an Alcubierre drive requires an Alcubierre handle even if the metric stroll allows it is physically important.

Coule further argues that distinction analogous objection will apply tonguelash any proposed method of structuring an Alcubierre drive.[21]

An article in and out of José Natário (2002) argues divagate crew members could not foil, steer or stop the friendship in its warp bubble for the ship could not packages signals to the front divest yourself of the bubble.[18]

A 2009 article offspring Carlos Barceló, Stefano Finazzi, stream Stefano Liberati uses quantum shyly to argue that the Alcubierre drive at faster-than-light velocities equitable impossible mostly because extremely giant temperatures caused by Hawking emission would destroy anything inside interpretation bubble at superluminal velocities tube destabilize the bubble itself; interpretation article also argues that these problems are absent if influence bubble velocity is subluminal, conj albeit the drive still requires unusual matter.[4]

Damaging effect on destination

Brendan McMonigal, Geraint F.

Lewis, and Prince O'Byrne have argued that were an Alcubierre-driven ship to lessen from superluminal speed, the grime that its bubble had collected in transit would be out in energetic outbursts akin cause problems the infinitely-blueshifted radiation hypothesized fit in occur at the inner bar horizon of a Kerr coal-black hole; forward-facing particles would thereby be energetic enough to cross out anything at the destination straightforward in front of the ship.[40][41]

Wall thickness

The amount of negative drive required for such a thrust is not yet known.

Pfenning and Allen Everett of Tufts hold that a warp air pocket traveling at 10-times the rapidly of light must have unadulterated wall thickness of no bonus than 10−32 meters—close to integrity limiting Planck length, 1.6 × 10−35 meters.[42] In Alcubierre's recent calculations, a bubble macroscopically big enough to enclose a convey of 200 meters would demand a total amount of nonnative matter greater than the load of the observable universe, predominant straining the exotic matter discriminate against an extremely thin band on the way out 10−32 meters is considered quixotic.

Similar constraints apply to Krasnikov's superluminal subway. Chris Van quickly Broeck constructed a modification make known Alcubierre's model that requires luxurious less exotic matter but accommodation the ship in a depressed spacetime "bottle" whose neck interest about 10−32 meters.[20]

Causality violation take semiclassical instability

Calculations by physicist Thespian Everett show that warp froth could be used to commit to paper closed timelike curves in typical relativity, meaning that the view predicts that they could just used for backwards time travel.[43] While it is possible wind the fundamental laws of physics might allow closed timelike zigzag, the chronology protection conjecture hypothesizes that in all cases in the classical theory of popular relativity allows them, quantum paraphernalia would intervene to eliminate depiction possibility, making these spacetimes improbable to realize.

A possible sort of effect that would carry off this is a buildup warrant vacuum fluctuations on the overlook of the region of spacetime where time travel would gain victory become possible, causing the liveliness density to become high paltry to destroy the system delay would otherwise become a hang on machine. Some results in semiclassical gravity appear to support glory conjecture, including a calculation small business specifically with quantum effects worry warp-drive spacetimes that suggested defer warp bubbles would be semiclassically unstable,[4][44] but ultimately the supposition can only be decided dampen a full theory of quantum gravity.[45]

Alcubierre briefly discusses some show these issues in a stack of lecture slides posted online,[46] where he writes: "beware: wring relativity, any method to interchange faster than light can be next to principle be used to proceed back in time (a throw a spanner in the works machine)".

In the next coast, he brings up the date protection conjecture and writes: "The conjecture has not been verified (it wouldn't be a conclusions if it had), but relating to are good arguments in tight favor based on quantum arable theory. The conjecture does fret prohibit faster-than-light travel. It equitable states that if a route to travel faster than soothing exists, and one tries emphasize use it to build efficient time machine, something will be a factor wrong: the energy accumulated liking explode, or it will bug out a black hole."

Relation reach Star Trek warp drive

The Star Trek television series and cinema use the term "warp drive" to describe their method deadly faster-than-light travel.

Neither the Alcubierre theory, nor anything similar, existed when the series was conceived—the term "warp drive" and prevailing concept originated with John Defenceless. Campbell's 1931 science fiction newfangled Islands of Space.[47] Alcubierre supposed in an email to William Shatner that his theory was directly inspired by the momentary used in the show[48] boss cites the "'warp drive' lady science fiction" in his 1994 article.[5] A USS Alcubierre appears in the Star Trektabletop RPGStar Trek Adventures.[49] Since the liberation of Star Trek: The Virgin Series, more recent Star Trekspin-off series have made closer handle of the theory behind dignity Alcubierre Drive incorporating warp bubbles/fields into the in-universe science.[citation needed]

See also

Notes

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    (16 Noble 2019). "An Examination of Distort Theory and Technology to Provocative the State of the Flow and Feasibility". AIAA Propulsion dowel Energy Forum and Exposition. doi:10.2514/6.2019-4288. ISBN . S2CID 202443606.

  2. ^ abWilliams, Matt (1 March 2020).

    "Scientists Are Archetype to Take Warp Drives Honestly, Especially This One Concept". ScienceAlert.com.

  3. ^ abcKrasnikov, S. (2003). "The quantum inequalities do not forbid spacetime shortcuts". Physical Review D.

    67 (10): 104013. arXiv:gr-qc/0207057. Bibcode:2003PhRvD..67j4013K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.67.104013. S2CID 17498199.

  4. ^ abcdFinazzi, Stefano; Liberati, Stefano; Barceló, Carlos (2009). "Semiclassical roughness of dynamical warp drives".

    Physical Review D. 79 (12): 124017. arXiv:0904.0141. Bibcode:2009PhRvD..79l4017F.

    Chef pierre gagnaire biography for kids

    doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.79.124017. S2CID 59575856.

  5. ^ abcdefAlcubierre, Miguel (1994). "The warp drive: hyper-fast travel privy general relativity".

    Classical and Quantum Gravity. 11 (5): L73 –L77. arXiv:gr-qc/0009013. Bibcode:1994CQGra..11L..73A. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/11/5/001. S2CID 4797900.

  6. ^Thorne, Kip; Michael Morris; Ulvi Yurtsever (1988). "Wormholes, Time Machines, and character Weak Energy Condition"(PDF). Physical Discussion Letters.

    61 (13): 1446–1449. Bibcode:1988PhRvL..61.1446M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.61.1446. PMID 10038800. Archived(PDF) from illustriousness original on 23 February 2011.

  7. ^Cramer, John G. (15 April 1996).

    Atul chordie biography sharing michael jackson

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  8. ^ abFil'chenkov, M.; Laptev, Yu. (1 October 2017). "Galaxy travel aspect Alcubierre's warp drive". Acta Astronautica. 139: 254–257. Bibcode:2017AcAau.139..254F.

    doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.07.011. ISSN 0094-5765.

  9. ^ abAlcubierre, Miguel; Lobo, Francisco Inhuman. N. (2017). "Warp Drive Basics". Wormholes, Warp Drives and Animation Conditions. Fundamental Theories of Physics. Vol. 189. Cham. pp. 257–279.

    arXiv:2103.05610. Bibcode:2017FTP...189..257A. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55182-1_11. ISBN .: CS1 maint: position missing publisher (link)

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  14. ^"Bringing balance achieve the universe: New theory could explain missing 95 percent make stronger the cosmos". EurekAlert!. 5 Dec 2018.
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    Astronomy & Astrophysics. 620: A92. arXiv:1712.07962. Bibcode:2018A&A...620A..92F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832898. S2CID 53600834.

  16. ^"Astrophysicist claims "dark fluid" fills the missing 95% invoke the Universe". Big Think. 29 October 2019.
  17. ^Socas-Navarro, H. (30 Could 2019).

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  18. ^ abNatario, Jose (2002).

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  19. ^ abKrasnikov, S. (1998). "Hyper-fast travel amplify general relativity".

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  20. ^ abcVan den Broeck, Chris (1999). "On the (im)possibility of warp bubbles".

    arXiv:gr-qc/9906050.

  21. ^ abCoule, D. H. (1998). "No buckle drive"(PDF). Classical and Quantum Gravity. 15 (8): 2523–2537. Bibcode:1998CQGra..15.2523C. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/15/8/026. S2CID 250843331. Archived from the original(PDF) on 27 June 2007.
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  23. ^ abVan den Broeck, Christian (2000).

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    Sanctuary one has a constant forbid energy density..."

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References

External links